ST. PATRICK

st. patrick was born in 387 - and died in 493 17 of ma.

he was born in ireland.

he had white hair a white beard.

when it's st. patricks day people where green.he was a saint of the partons.

on the 17th of march is st. patricks day.

    tges 8.4

 

   

 http://tadpolol http://tadpol

  We have decided to pick one from every category.

                                                                   My school would like a visit from the weather channel

                                                                   because....

                                                         We believe that saving the envioment is

                                                           important, and we aslo want to engourge more people to save the enviroment to.

                                                                   

 

 This is the pb15 PB15 infomation  

  

 

 

 

 

  

1849	Edmund Barton born in Glebe, Sydney
1857–1859	Attended Fort Street Model School
1859–1864	Attended Sydney Grammar School
1868	Graduates with a Bachelor of Arts (Classics) University of Sydney
1870	Receives the degree of Masters of Art from the University of Sydney
1871	Goes to the Bar in Sydney

On the 1^st of March 1901 Parliament was opened by the Duke of York, later to be crowned George V. The first Cabinet consisted of

Edmund Barton as Prime Minister and Minister for External Affairs, Alfred Deakin Attorney General, George Turner as Treasurer, James Dickson as Minister for Defence, Charles Kingston as Minister for Trade and Customs, John Forrest as Post-Master General, and William Lyne as Minister of Home Affairs. As there were only seven paid positions within the Cabinet, Richard O'Connor was appointed an unpaid honorary member. Edmund Barton was Prime Minister for a little over two and a half years, yet this brief period was to shape the Commonwealth for many years to come.

At the Athenaeum Club in the early 1880s Barton met and conversed with the Tasmanian Attorney-General, Andrew Inglis Clark, a passionate spokesman for an American model of Federation. It was not, however, until Barton read reports in the press of the Tenterfield address Henry Parkesgave to a meeting in the Sydney Town Hall that he gave his full and unconditional commitment to Federation. In March 1891 Barton proposed his blueprint for Federation at the National Australasian Convention. He argued that an elected senate composed of State representatives would effectively balance the powers between the States and a Federal government. Barton also advocated an autonomous Australian legal system, and the necessary abolition of the right of appeal to the British Privy Council. Among others, the Victorian politician Alfred Deakin was impressed by Barton’s speech.

Edmund Barton, 17 years old Pictorial Collection Edmund Barton was born in Glebe Sydney in 1849 to William and Mary Louise (née Whydah). A clever boy with a love of literature, music and art, Barton was educated at Fort Street Model School and Sydney Grammar School. It was at Sydney Grammar that Barton first met Richard O’Connor. The lives of Barton and O’Connor would run parallel courses; each dedicated to the cause of Federation, both members of Australia’s first Federal Cabinet, and, ultimately, both would sit on the nation’s first High Court. BARTON, Sir EDMUND (1849-1920), federationist, first prime minister and judge, was born on 18 January 1849 at Glebe, Sydney, third son and youngest child of William Barton and his wife Mary Louisa, née Whydah; his eldest brother was George Burnett Barton. William had arrived in Sydney from London in 1827 as accountant to the Australian Agricultural Co. After a quarrel with Sir William Parry, he had resigned in 1832 and his subsequent career as a financial agent and sharebroker was chequered. With nine children to be provided for, his wife, who was exceptionally well educated, ran a girls' school in the 1860s. Edmund, known as Toby to his schoolmates, was educated at Fort Street Model School for two years and in 1859-64 at Sydney Grammar School, where he began a lifelong friendship with Richard O'Connor, and was school captain in 1863 and 1864.

In 1865 Barton matriculated at the University of Sydney. Next year he won a prize for classics and the £50 (William) Lithgow scholarship. In 1867 he studied under Professor Charles Badham, who gave him a lasting love of Greek and Latin, and won the (Sir Daniel) Cooper scholarship. He graduated B.A. in 1868 and M.A. (by examination) in 1870. He learned to debate at the Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts. From May 1868 he had worked for a solicitor Henry Bradleyand from June 1870 with a barrister G. C. Davies. On 21 December 1871 he was admitted to the Bar. Although slow to get briefs, in May 1872 he was junior counsel for the defence of the notorious murderer Alfred LesterAs a boy Toby had loved fishing and cricket; a fair batsman, but an atrocious fieldsman, he played for the university in 1870 and 1871. Later he organized several intercolonial matches and umpired in some major games including New South Wales v. Lord Harris's English XI which was interrupted by a riot. In 1870, when visiting Newcastle with a team, he confided to his diary that 'Jeannie Ross is beautiful, and sings like a bird, and is a dear'; they became engaged in 1872. He warned her: 'You do not know the depths of my poverty and the slenderness of my chances'. In 1875 he accompanied Sir Alfred Stephen on circuit to Grafton as his associate; later that year he was briefly an acting crown prosecutor, and again in 1878, but failed in other efforts to get a government appointment. On 28 December 1877 at the Watt Street Presbyterian manse, Newcastle, he married Jane (Jean) Mason Ross, daughter of an English engineer and hotelkeeper..

In 1876 and 1877 Barton was defeated for the University of Sydney seat in the Legislative Assembly, but won it in 1879. Although he generally opposed the Parkes-Robertson coalition ministry, he strongly supported its 1880 Education Act. In November he was elected unopposed for Wellington, and won East Sydney in 1882, thinking it 'almost unnecessary' to say that he was a free trader.

 

On 3 January 1883 Barton became Speaker. In a turbulent parliament, he displayed a sound knowledge of constitutional law and T. E. May's British Parliamentary Practices. The youngest Speaker yet, he revelled in the clubbable atmosphere of parliament and earned the Bulletin's nickname, 'Toby Tosspot', but was able to give clear decisions at 5 a.m. after disorderly sittings. He displayed quickness of perception, tact, courtesy and firmness. Next year he was forced to introduce new standing orders to control such rowdy and abusive members as David Buchanan, John McElhone and Adolphus Taylor, who was twice suspended from parliament by a vote of the House; the second time Barton had to order his removal by the serjeant-at-arms. Taylor claimed his suspension was illegal and won £1000 damages against him; the kdecision was upheld by the Privy Council.

In September 1885 Barton told Lachlan Brient, editor of the Daily Telegraph, of his 'determination not to be permanently “shelved”' after the defeat of Sir Alexander Stuart's ministry. Despite Governor Loftus's opinion that Barton was the probable leader of an emerging strong third party, Brient's intrigues to bring about a coalition ministry between him and (Sir) George Dibbscame to nothing. Barton refused the attorney-generalship under Dibbs and was again elected Speaker. Bradley urged him to give more attention to his professional career: 'there will be directly no man at the General Bar but Salomons to compete with you!' Whatever hard work and 'late hours and late habits' the Speakership involved, it was compensated for by a salary of £1200. In the years 1883-86 his earnings at the Bar had been £720, £630, £1114 and £901.

 

On 31 January 1887 Barton resigned as Speaker, and on 2 February was nominated to the Upper House. He rejected Parkes's offer of the vice-presidency of the Executive Council and leadership of the government in the Legislative Council. On 25 May he regretfully refused office as attorney-general, because he could not bring himself 'to concur in the financial projects of the Government'. However in January-March 1889 he held that portfolio in the Dibbs Protectionist ministry and, as ex officio leader of the Bar, he took silk on 8 March. In October he chaired the first National Protection Conference held in New South Wales but declined leadership of the Protectionist Party.

From the early 1880s Barton spent many convivial hours at the Athenaeum Club, where 'wit sparkled while the wine flowed freely', with fellow members such as Jules Francois Archibald and William Bede Dalley, Julian Ashton, Louis Becke, Thomas Butler, and (Sir) James Fairfax. Here in the mid-1880s he discussed a Federal legislative body with Andrew Inglis Clark. Handsome, with 'finely chiselled features', curling black hair starting to grey and 'beautiful black eyes that glowed with enthusiasm', Barton grew portly with age and good living, but still enjoyed fishing. Part of his charm was his generosity, even temper and ability to keep silent; his conversation rarely lacked 'humour or wit'. An omnivorous reader, he loved the theatre—especially Shakespeare and the opera—and appreciated music and art. He was a fellow of the university senate in 1880-89 and 1892-1920, and a trustee of the Public Library of New South Wales.

 

Ardently believing in Australia's destiny as a nation, Barton congratulated Parkes in October 1889 on his Tenterfield address, and at a crowded meeting in the Sydney Town Hall in November, supported Federation. Familiar with Clark's draft constitution, sent to him on 12 February 1891, he criticized Parkes's proposed resolutions for the National Australasian Convention: he thought it 'of the highest importance that just proposals' should be formulated at once on the New South Wales fear of 'surrenders' on the seat of government and possible 'dismemberment' against its consent.

As a delegate to the convention in Sydney in March, Barton impressed Alfred Deakin and (Sir) John Downerwith his address on the Federal resolutions. He urged, that the 'territorial rights' of the colonies should remain intact and, on the divisive question of protection, took it 'as a matter of course' that soon after Federation 'trade and intercourse … shall be absolutely free'. Believing that the Lower House should rest 'upon universal suffrage', he advocated that the second chamber should also be representative and argued that the power of such a senate to amend money bills would cause less friction than an outright veto. He begged the convention and colonial parliaments to 'secure the abolition of the jurisdiction of the Privy Council'. When Clark succumbed to influenza, Barton became a member of the drafting committee, and 'strenuously and industriously' devoted himself to its work, winning the praise of its chairman Sir Samuel Griffith.

 

He soon had to uphold the draft constitution bill against (Sir) George Reid, who maintained that certain clauses were unfair to New South Wales. On 12 June 1891 Barton resigned from the Upper House and in the general election contested East Sydney with Reid. He astounded political circles when he announced that 'So long as Protection meant a Ministry of enemies to Federation, they would get no vote from him'. He bitterly attacked Reid and asserted that on Federation 'Mr. Dibbs is a daily conundrum. What can we do but give him up?' Praised by the Sydney Morning Herald for his stand on principle, he topped the poll.-

As minister of external affairs Barton was primarily concerned with immigration, but he took a deep interest in questions connected with the Pacific. Although early in 1901 he had asserted that Australia could have 'no foreign policy of its own' and implied that the Empire should speak as one, he equally believed that the British government should adopt the Australian point of view on the Pacific Islands. With 'a greater sensitivity for imperial diplomacy in the midst of the Boer War' than other ministers such as Deakin, he tried to damp down public agitation for an aggressive policy while, from as early as February 1901, he pressed the Colonial Office to appoint an international tribunal to settle land disputes with the French in the New Hebrides. In August he sent Wilson Le Couteur there, as Australia's first spy. As the Colonial Office did nothing, and he received no promise of action at the Colonial Conference, his attitude hardened. In 1903 he refused the British suggestions of a joint protectorate or partition, and urged the Colonial Office to acquire the New Hebrides either by purchase or treaty. He offered to pay 3 per cent annually on £250 000 for their acquisition and all costs of administration. After he left office he recommended to Hunt that if the Colonial Office continued to do nothing, the government should publish the correspondence.

 

In January 1903 Barton clashed with the governor-general Lord Tennyson over the role of his official secretary (Sir) George Stewardin confidential communications with the Colonial Office, and reminded the governor-general 'that it was his duty to accept the advice of his Ministers'. Although parliament was proving difficult to manage, Barton was able to carry the Naval Agreement Act after a prolonged struggle in committee. In July Kingston resigned over differences in cabinet about the conciliation and arbitration bill. On 23 September 1903 Barton resigned and a few days later became senior puisne judge of the new High Court of Australia. Way told Darley: 'Barton seems to me to have a judicial mind, though he certainly has not powers of lucid expression … [he] did not want to leave politics, but his friends wanted him to go to the Bench to provide for his family. His party was getting dissatisfied with his leadership'.

 

Hunt, while noting his chief's 'brilliancy of perception', had complained of the difficulty of getting work done and of his 'want of personal energy, his disregard of time, both his own and other people's, his habit of taking so much to drink that he becomes slow of comprehension and expression'. He had always worked with 'amazing concentration and speed' but irregularly, and often late at night. Bavin later wrote of Barton as prime minister: 'He was impatient of questions of detail. Though he was always genial, he was too easy going to bother about humouring weaknesses or vanity of other members. He had little or no interest in the game of politics for its own sake. But it would be quite wrong to suppose that this means his term of office was a failure … He not only played the chief part in planning the machine and inducing the people to accept it, but he took the leading part in bringing it into action'.

 

Barton proved an unexpectedly good and 'scrupulously impartial' judge; possessing 'one of the keenest and quickest of intellects', he readily grasped the essential issues and arguments in a case and discussed them in court with perception and courtesy in his 'rich and beautifully modulated voice'. The width of his reading in British and American appeal cases was displayed in his sound constitutional opinions. He also proved a careful expositor of the many branches of private law needed for non-constitutional cases, which made up most of the court's appellate jurisdiction. At first he and O'Connor relied heavily on Griffith's greater learning and experience; Barton frequently concurred or adopted joint opinions, 'often pocketing his own reasons for the judgment', but from 1906 he increasingly wrote separate opinions and developed a characteristic style, on occasions strongly dissenting from his colleagues. In 1911 he was acting chief justice.

 

With Griffith and O'Connor, Barton shared a 'balancing' view of the Federal system on most constitutional questions and endeavoured to preserve autonomy for the States. They devised the doctrine of 'implied immunity of instrumentalities', which prevented the States from taxing Commonwealth officers, and also prevented the Commonwealth from arbitrating industrial disputes in the States' railways. They also developed the doctrine of 'implied prohibitions' and narrowly interpreted Federal powers in commercial and industrial matters, but in the steel rails and wire-netting cases in 1908 they held that the Commonwealth's fiscal powers included competence to tax goods imported by State governments. Barton fully agreed that the Commonwealth's defence power included extensive control of the civilian economy in World War I. He particularly desired to keep Commonwealth industrial arbitration power within narrow bounds, and began the laissez-faireinterpretation of the guarantee of freedom of interstate trade which later prevailed in the court. Chief Justice (Sir) Adrian Knox claimed that Barton's 'mastery of constitutional law and principles was unsurpassed, and to this he added a thorough knowledge of the principles of common law'.

 

The High Court sat in all the State capitals—Barton often stayed or dined with old friends and colleagues and now had time to go to the races. He continued to enjoy 'the warm pleasures of life' and in the summer law vacations took his family to Tasmania. An affectionate husband and father, Barton had a special affinity with his eldest daughter Jean, who in 1909 married (Sir) David Maughan; Hunt frequently recorded how much he 'loved children'. In 1915 Sir Edmund visited England with his wife and daughter: his son Wilfred, who had been the first New South Wales Rhodes Scholar, was serving with the British Army in France. On 10 June Barton was sworn into the Privy Council by the King and sat on its Judicial Committee in several cases. In 1919 he was disappointed at not succeeding Griffith as chief justice.

 

Barton died suddenly of heart failure at Medlow Bath in the Blue Mountains on 7 January 1920, and after a state funeral service at St Andrew's Cathedral, was buried in the Church of England section of South Head cemetery; he had been a Freemason. He was survived by his wife, four sons and two daughters, and his estate was valued for probate at £6565. His portrait by Norman Carter hangs in Parliament House, Canberra, and one by John Longstaff is in the High Court, Sydney.

 

The adulation of his supporters gave Barton much to live up to: as a politician he had lacked astuteness and, probably, ambition, and as a barrister neglected his profession for politics. Yet for twelve years he gave all his energy to the cause of Federation and in 1897-98 rose to the heights of oratory, dedicated leadership and sustained hard work. As prime minister he played an important part in setting up the Commonwealth administrative machine and in making Federation a practical reality. As a High Court judge he was distinguished and alert to ensure that the Constitution should function smoothly. For a 'lazy' man, his achievements were great. Moreover he lived life to the full and always enjoyed the company of his fellow men. Knox claimed that it was 'given to few men to inspire as he did, a feeling of affection in those with whom he came into contact in every phase of life. This rare gift, springing from a nature richly endowed with the Divine gift of sympathy, conferred upon him a distinction all his own'.

Select Bibliography

J. Reynolds, Edmund Barton(Syd, 1948); J. A. La Nauze, The Hopetoun Blunder(Melb, 1957); R. Garran, Prosper the Commonwealth(Syd, 1958); A. Deakin, The Federal Story, J. A. La Nauze ed (Melb, 1963); J. A. La Nauze, The Making of the Australian Constitution(Melb, 1972); M. Rutledge, Edmund Barton(Melb, 1974); R. Norris, The Emergent Commonwealth(Melb, 1975); N. Meaney, A History of Australian Defence and Foreign Policy, 1901-23, vol 1 (Syd, 1976); Parliamentary Debates (New South Wales), 1893, 1572, 1897, 3459, 1898, 1062, 1121; Commonwealth Law Reports, 27 (1919-20); Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 18 Sept 1897; Sydney Morning Herald, 9 May 1927; C. Cunneen, The Role of Governor-General in Australia 1901-1927 (Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, 1973); E. Barton papers (National Library of Australia), and correspondence, and collection of news-cuttings, 1900-20 and vol 203 (State Library of New South Wales); Bavin papers, Deakin papers, Groom papers, Atlee Hunt papers and Novar papers (National Library of Australia); Henry Parkes correspondence (State Library of New South Wales); External Affairs, correspondence, 1901-03, A6, A8, and New Hebrides correspondence, A35, A1108 vols 2, 3, 10, 11, 14 (National Archives of Australia); Sir Samuel Way, PRG 30/4 p74, 30/5/7 p168 (State Records of South Australia); printed catalogue (State Library of New South Wales); private information. More on the resources

The proclamation of the Commonwealth on 1 January 1901 was followed by banqueting and great celebrations, but before the royal tour of the Duke and Duchess of York could begin, Barton had the elections to win to become prime minister in his own right. He opened his campaign at West Maitland on 17 January with a statesmanlike speech: he favoured moderate protection to raise sufficient money for the States and the Commonwealth and would resort to direct taxation if extra funds were needed in an emergency. He infuriated many Queenslanders by declaring for 'a white Australia', but this was an electoral masterstroke in the other States, both unifying and liberal; he favoured old-age pensions and conceded female suffrage to his more radical colleagues. On 24 January he was appointed a privy councillor.

 

Barton was elected unopposed for Hunter, and all his ministers were returned. In the House of Representatives he had to depend on the Labor members for a majority; in the Senate he was in a minority. Parliament was opened in Melbourne on 9 May by the Duke of York. The first session was largely taken up with procedural matters; however Barton carried the Immigration Restriction Act, and the Pacific Island Labourers Act which provided for the repatriation of Kanakas. The early introduction of this legislation pleased Labor, was cheap to implement (unlike old-age pensions) and tested the fledgling Commonwealth's power against the Colonial Office, which insisted on the substitution of a European for an English language dictation test. Barton acted swiftly to conciliate the Japanese acting consul-general H. Eitaki, who claimed a conflict between the Act and the Queensland protocol to the Anglo-Japanese Treaty. In 1905 Barton was granted permission to retain the insignia of the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun (first class). In December 1901 he had acceded to an official British request to send a Commonwealth contingent to the South African War.

 

It took all Barton's tact and courtesy to manage his team of leaders, whom he did not try to discipline. Moreover, to the despair of his private secretaries Hunt, then Bavin, he gave too much time to 'importunate callers', forgot engagements, had no love for administration, and had never enjoyed political intrigues or manoeuvring. His hold on parliament was precarious, and he 'had somehow to contrive a different majority for almost each piece of legislation'. He took a keen interest in setting up the Commonwealth Public Service and securing for it 'only the most competent of officers'. Despite a warm association with Hopetoun, he delayed in putting to parliament the question of an £8000 allowance for the governor-general, and permitted the bill to be amended out of recognition. Hopetoun resigned, but Barton had already left for England to attend the delayed coronation of Edward VII and the Colonial Conference of 1902. Already a convert to the Admiralty's policy of fleet concentration, he negotiated a new naval agreement: mainly actuated by considerations of expense and practicability, he believed an Australian navy was for the future and pledged £200 000 to maintain the British squadron based on Sydney. The new agreement provided for more modern ships and for the local training of Australian seamen as part of the Royal Naval Reserve.

 

Having refused a knighthood in 1887, 1891 and 1899, Barton now accepted the G.C.M.G. He also received the freedom of the City of Edinburgh, an honorary D.C.L. from the University of Oxford and was made an honorary bencher of Gray's Inn. On his way home he visited the Pope and accepted from him a medallion; for this he was scurrilously attacked by Rev. William Dill Macky, who organized a petition signed by 30,000 Protestants.

Barton was elected an honorary member of twelve famous clubs in London and awarded an honorary LL.D. by the University of Cambridge. Back in Australia by September, he corresponded with the Colonial Office about the details of the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia. It was widely believed that he would be first prime minister, although Sir Frederick Darley complained to Sir Samuel Way: 'Barton is bad enough, though I suppose he is certain to be C.[hief] J.[ustice]; but he is not so bad as either Kingston or Symon. Barton does not command respect here. He is undoubtedly an able man, and might have been a distinguished man at the Bar, but he is too lazy to work, and has therefore but little experience. He is unfortunately in very impoverished circumstances … a sum of money has been collected … for the benefit of his wife and his children's education'.

 

However, Barton thought it 'his duty to remain in politics for a time', and it came as a shock, both in England and Australia, when on 19 December 1900 the Earl of Hopetoun, the governor-general, asked Lyne to form the first Commonwealth ministry. Barton refused to serve as attorney-general and, after frantic use of the telegraph by Deakin, Lyne failed to form a ministry; Barton was commissioned to do so and on Christmas Day named his cabinet, which included his friends Deakin and O'Connor, Kingston, and the three premiers (Sir John) Forrest, Sir George Turnerand Lyne. Barton himself was prime minister and took the portfolio of external affairs: it was fitting that Australia's first primeminister of Australia. 

 

POIcle tobysoats were made in sydney Australiasay that I am sick of being crook and expect some degree of understanding and sympathy.

ASTM COMMITTEE D24: Keeping the Rubber Industry in the Black By William C. Jones - Reprinted from STANDARDIZATION NEWS, August 1992

Updated by Jeffery A. Melsom, Chairman D24, January 1998

Today's high performance automobiles are so much part of our lives that they are often taken for granted. We need only to look back one or two generations to see the birth of the automobile industry and to understand its impact on the rubber and carbon black industries and to see the critical role that ASTM Committees D11 on Rubber and D24 on Carbon Black have played in their success.

The Black Diamond

It was in 1845 that Robert W. Thompson obtained the first patent on a rubber pneumatic tire, but it wasn't until 1888 that the first commercial tire was developed by John Boyd Dunlop for use on bicycles. The Michelin brothers of France are credited with the introduction of the pneumatic tire to the "horseless carriage" in 1895 and the modern rubber industry was born of that union. In 1900, about 4,200 cars and 300,000 tires were made in the United States. Today (1998) there are nearly 200 million registered vehicles on U.S. highways (125 million passenger cars, 73.3 million light trucks, and 1.7 million trucks and miscellaneous vehicles) and over 250 million tires produced annually in the United States withover 416 million worldwide. In 1912, when ASTM Committee D-11 was organized, carbon black was only beginning to emerge as a rubber compounding material. While both Hancock and Goodyear had prescribed mixing lampblack into rubber in their patents dating from 1830, their application was mainly for coloring. It was S.C. Mote, chief chemist of the India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works in Silverton, England, who discovered in 1904 that the carbon black used as a pigment by ink makers had some reinforcement capabilities in rubber. It wasn't until 1912, however, that this secret ingredient was used in tires by the Diamond Rubber Co. of Akron, Ohio which acquired the rights to the use of the material from Mote's company. Carbon Black soon completely replaced zinc oxide the primary reinforcing agent in rubber and the lives and the fortunes of the carbon black and rubber industries have been interdependent ever since. The carbon black industry experienced immediate and constant growth from the approximate 11 million kilograms manufactured in 1912 to today (1998) when ~ 90% of the ~1.6 billion kilograms production will be shipped to the rubber industry.

 

ASTM Helps the Black Market

 

With the 1940s and 1950s came a number of factors that led to the proliferation of carbon black grades. Among those factors was the development of the oil furnace process for making carbon black with very high surface area and structure, the development of the electron microscope and its contribution to understanding carbon black morphology, the development of the synthetic rubber industry and its requirement for increased reinforcement, and the boom in highway construction coupled with the development of heavier automobiles with increased horsepower and the motorists' expectations for greater tire wear and durability.

 

In 1952, in this period of rapid change, members of the eight U.S. carbon black producers formed the Carbon Black Industry Committee and began to hold meetings in Amarillo, Texas, to rationalize and develop uniform chemical and physio-chemical testing procedures. This committee was able to agree upon a single procedure for the 13 primary tests being specified by carbon black users at the time. This committee was represented by Godfrey L. Cabot Inc., Columbian Carbon Co., Continental Carbon Co., Sid Richardson Carbon Co., Thermatomic Carbon Co., and United Carbon Co. Inc.

 

Until this time, each carbon black producer and each rubber goods or tire manufacturer had its own specifications and test methods for the carbon black it sold or purchased. The story is told by Frank Svetlik, a founding father of D-24, that once a lot of carbon black was produced, it was tested to determine if it met the specifications of any customers from whom orders had been received. If it failed to meet requirements of Company A, then it would be tested by the methods of Company B, Company C, etc., until it qualified for a particular customer. This duplication of testing was, of course, costly and time-consuming and it created a chaotic situation that grew progressively worse as the types of blacks increased in number. Once the producers were somewhat in agreement on their methods of test, the next step was to get the rubber manufacturer on board.

 

In early 1955, members of the major carbon black producers and the big tire companies met in Akron to discuss testing of carbon black in rubber. Each rubber producer considered his test recipe to be confidential and none were willing to consider use of any other's. Since the carbon black people knew all of the recipes, it was possible to show each without identification of ownership and to discuss the similarities.

 

It was found that all were very similar except for the accelerator used by one company. The opportunity for a compromise "industry" recipe seemed possible and it was decided to ask ASTM Committee D11 on Rubber to provide the forum for gaining the needed consensus. The executive subcommittee of D11 considered the request and concluded that the testing of carbon black had so many ramifications outside of the normal realm of rubber technologists that it recommended to the ASTM Board of Directors that a separate committee be established for carbon black. The formation of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black was approved at the September 20, 1955, meeting of the ASTMBoard of Directors. R.C. Alden, an ASTM director and employee of Phillips Petroleum Co., was appointed chairman of the organizational steering committee. The organizational meeting was held in Buffalo, N.Y., on February 29, 1956, and the first official meeting of Committee D24 was held on June 22, 1956, in Atlantic City, N.J. The first main committee officers elected were S.R. Doner of Rybestos-Manhattan, Inc. as chairman, C.A. Carlton of J.M. Huber Corp. as vice-chairman, and A.B. Cobbe of Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc. as secretary.

 

The charter membership included 11 producer members, 24 consumer members, and six general members. From that initial meeting to the present time, Committees D11 and D24 have continued to hold their meetings together because of their shared interests and shared membership. In July 1956, an ASTM Bulletin was issued that contained the first publication of carbon black test methods by ASTM. This original publication included tentative test methods for pellet size distribution, solvent-extractable material, sieve residue, attrition, benzene discoloration, iodine adsorption, fines, heating loss, pour density, volatile content, pH value, ash content, and mass strength. In 1962, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee (TC) 45 expressed interest in undertaking international standardization of carbon black. ASTM Committee D24 sent a representative to the annual meeting and the D24 test methods were adopted nearly verbatim by TC 45.

 

D-24 Makes the Black List

 

"...the promotion of knowledge of the properties of carbon blacks, including stimulation of research and the development of test methods, classifications, and nomenclature..." are the key tenets of the scope of D24.

 

The committee abandoned early the notion of developing carbon black specifications and committed its efforts to the development of test methods that were useful in characterizing carbon blacks for purposes of assuring standardization and interchangeability of grades between producers with regard to their reinforcement, processing and handling. Research has been encouraged by communicating the needs of the market and the inadequacy of certain test methods and by providing a classification system for carbon black grades that is based primarily on particle size and permits input into the classification number by the petitioning party. D24 encourages the development of new carbon black grades with unique performance properties by encouraging exclusive producer/user evaluations of non-classified carbons in order to establish the commercial value of the new grade. Committee D-24 classification of a new grade is encouraged when multiple producers or multiple users of a new grade exist and there is commercial value to the standardization of the properties of the carbon. The 1997 revision of D 1765, Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products, lists 42 commercial grades. This number is down from the maximum of 52 grades listed in 1973.

 

There are currently several unclassified grades under commercial evaluation and some are expected to eventually become classified. The most recent addition to the D 1765 list is N120 which was added in 1997.

 

The D 1765 classification and nomenclature system and "Black List" were under the joint jurisdiction of D11 and D-24 from 1961 to 1971 when it became the sole responsibility of D24. In 1967, the nomenclature system was revised from the use of names such as HAF (High Abrasion Furnace), to an alphanumeric system, such as N330, in order to provide a better technical description of the properties of each grade. ISO TC 45 has agreed to use ASTM D 1765 as the international classification and nomenclature standard for rubber grade carbon blacks and to petition any new international grade assignments through ASTM D24.

 

Committee D24 is unique in its organization in that every main committee member is also a member of every subcommittee. The Executive Subcommittee is composed of each subcommittee chairman and secretary along with the main committee officers. This organization has provided exceptional teamwork in the development of standards and has permitted more expedient standards development by the resulting open communications and by the use of concurrent subcommittee and main committee letter ballots. Through change in the by-laws in 1990, the committee adopted the preferred use of the International Systemof Units (SI) which further united the international community with D24.

 

In 1959, D24 first developed the idea of an Industry Reference Black (IRB) for use in standardizing various test methods and in conducting comparisons with other carbon blacks. These IRBs have been replaced as supplies have been consumed. The current generation is IRB#6 and is expected to last until 1998. Additionally, other Standard Reference Blacks have been developed to permit calibration of the various test methods. Currently, the fourth series of SRBs are in use and the SRB-5 series will be approved in 1999. Other reference materials maintained by the committee include an Industry Tint Reference Black and an Industry Tint Zinc Oxide.

 

A $0.10 per pound surcharge on the purchase of IRB has provided the funds necessary to send D24 delegates to the annual ISO meetings and provided a fund which was used in hosting the ISO delegation to the United States in 1994. Prior to implementing this surcharge in 1984, the cost of this international representation was borne solely by the carbon black producers. Today that cost is borne by all users of the IRB.

 

D24 responded to the quality revolution of the early 1980s by facilitating the agreement among all carbon black producers of common target properties for each grade of carbon black. This most significant accomplishment permits the use of Statistical Process Control on a grade of carbon black independent of its producer and has advanced the standardization of grades on an international basis. Those target properties for each grade have been listed in D 1765 since 1985.

 

D24 has been effective in providing a forum for the evaluation of various proposed test methods for predicting those carbon black properties believed to correlate best with rubber reinforcement, for example, structure and surface area or particle size. Currently, the property of structure is estimated by ASTM methods D 2414, Test Method for Carbon Black - Dibutyl Phthalate Absorption Number and D 3493, Test Method for Carbon Black - Dibutyl Phthalate Absorption Number of Compressed Sample, and a third method is currently under D-24 discussion that involves a more direct measurement of the voids between aggregates. The property of surface area or particle size is estimated by ASTM methods D 1510, D 3037, D 3265, D 3765, D 3849, and D 4820.

 

In addition to these eight test methods, another 27 test methods and practices are available to establish methods for measurement of non-carbon components, classification and nomenclature, sampling, rubber testing, pellet properties, and improvement of interlaboratory test correlation. Currently, D11 has jurisdiction over D 4483, Practice for Determining Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries.

 

The Future Is Black for D24

 

Currently D24 has 71 members, which is at near maximum, and a semi-annual subcommittee agenda that requires two days to complete

 

A new D24 chairman was elected in 1998, Jeffery A. Melsom of Michelin NorthAmerica. He is the ninth person to hold that position in the 42-year history of this committee. Past chairmen include Robert C. Moyer of Bridgestone/Firestone, W.C. Jones of Cooper Tire, R.J. McGarry of Copolymer Rubber, F. Mees of Firestone, R.H. Gerster of Goodyear Tire, T. Hutson of General Tire, N.P. Bekema of U.S. Rubber, and S.R. Donerof Raybestos-Manhattan.

 

Competition in the tire industry today is driving the expected mileage for a set of tires to the 80,000-mile level and is simultaneously requiring reduced rolling resistance or fuel consumption from that set of tires. The need for greater understanding and utilization of the mechanism of reinforcement of carbon black is bringing about a renaissance in carbon black research.

 

While the concept of carbon black surface activity or surface energy has been under study for at least 50 years, there currently is method for its measurement. Modern research continues around the world on this property in an effort to establish whether it can augment carbon black reinforcement theory with respect to the observed effects in different polymers. The application of fractal geometry to carbon black morphology by Gerspacher and others has focused attention on the role of the carbon-carbon network in rubber reinforcement. Subcommittee D24.81 changed its scope and title in 1993 to Microscopy and Morphology to address the broader issue of morphology.

 

A new method is currently being balloted as a test for carbon black aggregate size distribution olpwhich is a property that is believed to correlate with rubber reinforcement.

 

The issue of carbon black testing in rubber first brought D11 and D24 together is being re-evaluated and discussions are taking place concerning the replacement of modulus testing with rheometer data.

 

The requirements for rubber reinforcement continue to increase and the carbon black industry continues to respond withnew and novel products. The world is depending upon ASTM D24 to continue its leadership in methods development and standardization of these new products as they are commercialized.

 

This may be the only place on the planet I can'         

Harry Redford died on 23 september 2007.    

 

 

 

This thesis does not cover the mathematics of the space-time continuum and its characteristics. Other individuals in academia have covered the mathematics very well. The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to provide a visualization of the characteristics of the space-time continuum and offer directions for future discovery.

This is a work in progress. Certain elements require further discussion and I will make revisions to the text according to comments I receive.

 

                                                        science words  

senses

testing

lab

potions

wet

by christian and zac and tanika and griffin and boxer.

FIDUCIARY

1.Held in trust

2.holding in trust.A fiduciary possesser is legally responsible for what belongs

 

EA Words 

dead

head

bread

lead

read

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

our words 

Journey

Journal

Sour

Melbourne

Melbournian

Flour 

Abjourne

dodour

hour 

Armour

Bourgeois
Flavour

colour

harbour

deify

deign

deism

deist

deity

diehard

dieldrin

diesel

diet

dietary

dietetic

Pompeian

Pompeii

Poseidon

prairie

premier

 http://marxists.anu.edu.au/history/england/chartists/index.htm